WEBVTT 00:00:05.071 --> 00:00:05.372 You're an. 00:00:05.372 --> 00:00:08.875 Specimens must be processed in a consistent and systematic manner 00:00:08.875 --> 00:00:12.245 to maintain specimen integrity and reliability of results. 00:00:12.645 --> 00:00:16.750 Specimens must be properly identified throughout the entire testing process 00:00:17.250 --> 00:00:19.119 before any testing can begin. 00:00:19.119 --> 00:00:22.822 The patient specimen is checked to make sure that it is properly identified. 00:00:23.189 --> 00:00:25.925 This may include the patient's name, medical record 00:00:25.925 --> 00:00:28.928 number, birth date, or other unique identifiers. 00:00:29.295 --> 00:00:32.599 Note that specimen information should be recorded on the container 00:00:32.599 --> 00:00:35.602 and not the lid, as lids may be switched or lost. 00:00:36.169 --> 00:00:38.505 The physical examination of urine provides 00:00:38.505 --> 00:00:41.941 a useful description of the specimen, including color and clarity. 00:00:42.375 --> 00:00:43.343 These observations 00:00:43.343 --> 00:00:47.113 provide information to correlate with chemical and microscopic results. 00:00:47.781 --> 00:00:50.016 Urine can have many different colors. 00:00:50.016 --> 00:00:53.520 The most common colors reported are colorless, light yellow, 00:00:53.686 --> 00:00:58.725 yellow, amber, orange, red, blue, and green. 00:01:02.429 --> 00:01:05.432 The clarity of the specimen is generally reported as clear, 00:01:05.465 --> 00:01:07.901 hazy, cloudy, or turbid. 00:01:07.901 --> 00:01:10.603 Observing the specimen over a dark background may help 00:01:10.603 --> 00:01:12.305 in visualizing the clarity. 00:01:12.305 --> 00:01:15.041 Another technique is to hold the specimen over a paper 00:01:15.041 --> 00:01:18.044 with text, and gauge how well you can read the writing. 00:01:18.244 --> 00:01:21.848 The majority of urine specimens received for testing are randomly selected 00:01:21.848 --> 00:01:24.951 specimens and are satisfactory for screening purposes. 00:01:24.984 --> 00:01:28.054 However, some tests require a timed collection. 00:01:28.154 --> 00:01:31.858 This is used to account for variation due to diurnal or circadian 00:01:31.858 --> 00:01:35.095 rhythm that may influence the concentration of analyte in the urine. 00:01:35.795 --> 00:01:38.631 This means that the time over which the specimen is collected 00:01:38.631 --> 00:01:41.634 and the specimens total volume is recorded and reported. 00:01:42.001 --> 00:01:44.938 An adequate of this specimen is sent on for testing, 00:01:44.938 --> 00:01:49.075 and results are calculated and reported as a concentration per period of time. 00:01:49.509 --> 00:01:52.512 The most common of these is a 24 hour collection, 00:01:52.612 --> 00:01:56.316 in which the patient collects all urine produced in a 24 hour period. 00:01:57.016 --> 00:02:00.286 For this test, you will need paper towels, a timer, 00:02:00.286 --> 00:02:03.790 and a bottle of reagent test strips with the manufacturer's color chart. 00:02:05.225 --> 00:02:06.793 The specimen is thoroughly mixed 00:02:06.793 --> 00:02:10.663 at least eight times, and approximately 12ml of the specimen is poured 00:02:10.663 --> 00:02:13.967 into a urinalysis tube and then placed in a test tube rack. 00:02:14.868 --> 00:02:18.872 The original container is recapped and the urinalysis tube is covered. 00:02:19.305 --> 00:02:23.243 If an unusual odor is detected, this should be noted on the report. 00:02:23.877 --> 00:02:27.013 Chemical analysis of urine is performed using test strips. 00:02:27.313 --> 00:02:30.283 Each strip includes multiple test pads. 00:02:30.283 --> 00:02:33.286 If the presence of a masking color in the urine is detected, 00:02:33.453 --> 00:02:37.423 care must be used when reading the test pads, as some dyes used to treat 00:02:37.423 --> 00:02:41.728 urinary tract infections can mask color changes that occur on the strips. 00:02:42.428 --> 00:02:45.465 There are many test strips available from different manufacturers. 00:02:45.999 --> 00:02:49.002 Each will have its own panel of chemical tests on the strips, 00:02:49.102 --> 00:02:53.106 and the person performing testing should follow the manufacturer's directions. 00:02:53.740 --> 00:02:57.243 These tests included on the strip are glucose, 00:02:57.644 --> 00:03:01.314 bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, 00:03:01.748 --> 00:03:04.751 blood pH, protein, 00:03:05.185 --> 00:03:09.522 euro, Bellingen, nitrates, and leukocyte esters. 00:03:10.757 --> 00:03:11.124 Urine 00:03:11.124 --> 00:03:15.195 specimens should be tested individually to ensure accurate timing of tests. 00:03:15.762 --> 00:03:18.298 The strip is dipped into urine and quickly removed 00:03:18.298 --> 00:03:21.734 while running the edge of the strip along the rim of the specimen container. 00:03:22.202 --> 00:03:25.104 The side of the strip is gently blotted on a paper towel 00:03:25.104 --> 00:03:28.408 to remove any excess fluid from the pads, and the timer is started. 00:03:29.142 --> 00:03:32.912 Tests are read at specific times, as indicated on the reagent bottle. 00:03:33.446 --> 00:03:36.349 The color on the strip is compared with the color on the chart 00:03:36.349 --> 00:03:38.351 provided on the bottle. 00:03:38.351 --> 00:03:40.820 The best match is the result recorded. 00:03:40.820 --> 00:03:43.856 If there is only a small amount of leukocyte S2 race, 00:03:44.057 --> 00:03:47.994 it may take up to two minutes for it to develop the color change on the test pad. 00:03:48.595 --> 00:03:52.632 Any color changes after two minutes are not significant and should be ignored. 00:03:52.832 --> 00:03:54.500 After reading all reactions, 00:03:54.500 --> 00:03:58.137 the test strip is disposed of into a bio hazardous waste receptacle. 00:03:58.538 --> 00:04:01.307 How these results are reported to the clinician is dependent 00:04:01.307 --> 00:04:05.311 on the individual laboratory according to their local policies and procedures.