WEBVTT

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Hello, my name is Madison

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Sant and I'm from Arup Laboratories
Parasitology department.

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This presentation will cover protozoans.

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Please fill out the cytology practice
worksheet while listening to the lecture.

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Feel free to pause the lecture.
Take your notes.

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Write down any questions you may have

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so we can discuss them
when we meet in person.

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If we will not be meeting in person,
I would suggest talking to your professor

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about any questions you may have.

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The organisms we will
discuss are intestinal amoebas,

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free living amoebas, flatulence,
colic, sittings,

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and one ciliated.

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Several stains
are used to detect protozoan in stool.

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For more information
on how to prepare these scenes, please

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watch the stool
Parasite Stream preparation video.

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A common type of testing for protozoan
install is ovum parasite exam.

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This exam has two parts the wet mat
with iodine and a trigram scene.

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The wet mount is used for protection
of helminth over

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in larva and protozoan cysts
and Treviso sites.

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This is read on ten x and 40 x on a light
microscope.

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The tri crime scene is used for detection
of protozoan trapezoids, and since

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this is bred on 100 X with the whale,
the modified after

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first stain is used to take cock simians,
including Cryptosporidium species.

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Cyclospora can tenancies
and since I saw her belly.

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This is read on 100 x with oil.

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The Ryan Blue Tri crime
scene is used to detect mica spread here,

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as read on 100 X with oil.

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Several species of amoeba

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are capable of colonizing
the human gastrointestinal tract.

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We will discuss one pathogenic species
which is known to me vessel Attica

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and five non pathogenic species,
and to me the coli

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and to harmony,
and to me of a day spa and a climax.

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Nina and I me Butch. The I.

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The non pathogenic species
have the same lifecycle.

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Both cysts and trapezoids of these species
are passed in stool

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and when found microscopically and stool
are considered diagnostic.

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Infection occurs by ingestion
among mature cysts

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from fecal contaminated food, water,
or hands.

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Ex excitation occurs
in the small intestine

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trapezoid to release,
which migrates a large intestine.

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The turf is always multiply
by binary fission

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and produce this,
and both stages are passed in the feces.

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The cyst can survive days to weeks
and external environment.

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Because of the protection
conferred by their cell walls,

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and to me,
this Vertica is a pathogenic amoeba.

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The term resides can invade the Tesla
mucosa, causing intestinal disease

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or the turf, as well as can invade
blood vessels reaching extra

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intestinal sites
such as the liver, brain, and lungs.

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Now let's look at the morphology of ants.

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Amoeba has little like this bar
we call into me with his political anatomy

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with this bar, because morphologically
they are very similar.

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The presence of ingested urethra sites
or red blood cells.

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And the truth is
the whites is considered diagnostic for

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and to me for his politica.

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And this is rarely seen in stool.

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The images of both iodine stain, wet mount

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and track from scene are below.

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The cyst stage is 10 to 60 microns
and can have up to four nuclei.

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The cytoplasm may contain cometary bodies,
which are the dense rod like structures

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for an amoeba has welcomed to Spa.

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These cometary bodies have rounded
or blunt end the trophies.

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Zoid stage is 10 to 20 microns
with one nucleus.

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The outer line of the nucleus is called
peripheral chromatin.

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The peripheral chromatin for insieme.

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With his politica,
this bar is evenly dispersed.

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The dense mass of chromatin inside

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the nucleus is called a carry zone
for anti me for his politica slash,

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this bar that carries a small
and centrally located

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the cytoplasm is smooth and fine.

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And to me Baikal ISIS are 10 to 35 microns

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and can contain 16 or more nuclei
when mature.

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And to move
a colon is the only entity, the species

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that is more than four nuclei in the stage
core.

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Two bodies are seen less
frequently than an intermediate silica.

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Such dispersed and are usually splinter
like with pointed arms.

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The trapezoids are 15 to 50 microns
and contain one nucleus.

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The peripheral chromatin is coarsely
granular and unevenly distributed,

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but carries them with small
and often eccentrically located.

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Cytoplasm, usually stains dark,
and contains numerous vacuoles and debris.

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And to me, the
harmony has similar in morphology to enter

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rehearsal Attica
such as spa, but a smaller.

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The cysts are about 4 to 9 microns
and contain up to four nuclei.

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The trapezoids have one nucleus with
evenly distributed peripheral chromatin

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and a small, centrally located
carrier zone.

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The cytoplasm is fine
and blends in with the background.

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And the limits Nina cysts

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contain out to four nuclei
and are about 5 to 9 microns.

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Nuclei are quite small and an iodine
wet mouse may slightly refract light.

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The trophies, which measure 5 to 9 microns

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and have a single nucleus
with a large round carrizo.

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The nucleus lacks peripheral chromatin,
and a clear halo surrounds

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the Carrizo.

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Cysts of Iota

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Member Birch I measure 5 to 20 microns
and contain a single nucleus.

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The nucleus

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contains a large carrizo
surrounded by a halo.

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An important diagnostic feature
for the species

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is the presence of a large vacuole,
a glycogen in the stage, and iodine stain.

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Preparation.

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It takes on a darker reddish brown color
and the trichomes seen.

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The glycogen vacuole does not stain,
but is visible as a well-defined mass

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trapezoid.

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So if I remove a butch, the I measure
8 to 20 microns and have a single nucleus

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with a large carrizo surrounded by a halo,
the nucleus lacks peripheral chromatin.

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The cytoplasm is coarsely
granular and evacuated,

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and can contain bacteria, yeasts,
or other materials.

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Metastasis is a genetically diverse
unicellular parasite

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of unclear pathogenic potential
that colonizes the intestines of humans.

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The lifecycle of it is not yet understood.

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The cis form is thought to be
the infective stage, the predominant form

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found in human source specimens
is referred to as the vascular form.

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Replication appears to occur by binary
fission.

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Other morphologic forms,
including the boiling granular forms,

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have also been noted in stool samples.

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The vascular form of Blast assesses
has a variable size

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range of 5 to 40 microns and contains
one large central body

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with a thin rim of cytoplasm
containing up to six nuclei.

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Note the division by binary
fission in the tri from Saint image.

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Necks are free living amoeba

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Academy Boa is a free living amoeba
that can be found in ponds,

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lakes, bottled water, Iowa stations,
and other water sources.

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In camp, amoeba has two stages cysts
and Treviso sites.

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The turf hazards are the infective forms

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the trapezoids insists can enter
through the eye, the nasal passages,

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the lower respiratory tract,
or through ulcerated or broken skin.

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When I
can't remember species enters the eye,

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it can cause severe keratitis,
particularly among contact lens users.

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When it enters the respiratory system
or through ulcerated skin,

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it can invade the central nervous system
by the dissemination

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causing granulomatous
amoebic encephalitis.

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For me, amoeba species can be protected
by several saints and can grow in culture.

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The saints used for detection
are games to try chrome

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and calc for white,
with Evans blue, peacock for white.

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Evans blue will only say in this stage
and they can't.

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Amoeba culture is made by placing
a concentrated specimen,

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usually a corneal
scraping or swab, and sterile saline

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on a non nutrient agar
overlaid with Sirisha coli.

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The plate is held in a 37°C incubator

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and observed
microscopically for nine days.

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The cysts are 10

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to 25 microns and contain two layers,
the outer walls wrinkled

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and the inner wall may be hexagonal
or star shaped.

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The turf resorts are polymorphic
and are 15 or 45 microns.

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They contain one large nucleus
with a large carry zoom

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in culture.

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The trapezoids are faint.

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Anime.

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Boyd the scissor refract
tile and star shaped

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Naegleria fowleri produces an acute
and usually lethal central nervous

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system disease called primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis

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likely has three stages in its life
cycle cysts, travel, zoid, and fly.

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Related forms like water is found
in various water sources,

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including freshwater soil,
geothermal wells, and tap water.

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Trapezoids infect humans
by penetrating the nasal mucosa,

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usually during swimming or through a sinus
rinse, and migrating through the brain

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through the olfactory nerves, causing
primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

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Naegleria

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fowleri trapezoids are found
in cerebrospinal fluid.

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CSF cysts are not seen.

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They kept amoeba culture
as well as the tragic Roman games.

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The saints can be used to detect Naegleria
trophies.

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The whites.

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Naegleria

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fowleri trapezoids are 10 to 35 microns.

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The cytoplasm is granular and contains
many vacuoles.

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There's one nucleus with a large Carrizo

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next to the intestinal flatulence.

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Jerry.

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Lamb, Jerry.

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Intestinal or Giardia analysis
and trapezoids can be found in feces.

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The are hardy hanks to survive
several months in cold water.

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Infection occurs by ingestion of cysts
in contaminated water, food,

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or by the fecal oral route

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in the small intestine.

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X succession
releases trapezoids, show visits, multiply

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by longitudinal binary fission, and remain
in the lumen of the small bowel,

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where they can be free or attached
to Mercosur by a ventral sucking disk.

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Giardia can cause inflammation
and villus atrophy,

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reducing the guts, absorptive capability,
and healthy individuals.

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The condition is usually self-limiting.

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GRB assists are oval and measure 8
to 19 microns.

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Mature CSF for nuclei, nuclei,

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and fibrils are visible in both iodine
stained wet mounds and trichomes.

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Stained smears.

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Trapezoids are pear shaped and measure

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10 to 20 microns with two large nuclei.

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The sucking disks used for attachment
to the host mucosal epithelium

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can be seen surrounding the nuclei.

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A rod like structure, known as axis
cell runs down the center of the organism.

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Eat for Jila may also be seen

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the Artemis, but for jellies

00:11:25.976 --> 00:11:29.438
is almost always found solely as a tripod,
so I install specimens.

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However, the rare presence of cysts
and precess forms have been reported.

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Their transmission
potential is being investigated.

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Other aspects of transmission
and pathogenicity of dying to me

00:11:41.075 --> 00:11:43.119
for jealous are also poorly understood.

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Trapezoids are found in the movement
of a large intestine,

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where they multiply by burning fission
and are shut in stool.

00:11:55.297 --> 00:11:57.258
Dance amoeba for jealous trapezoids.

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Measure 5 to 15 microns,
although most results are dying to me,

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but for jealous or by nucleate,
some only have one nucleus.

00:12:05.683 --> 00:12:09.603
The nucleus typically has a fragment
to carry zone that appears as clusters.

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A small granules cytoplasm is faint,
intensive blend in with a background.

00:12:15.735 --> 00:12:16.277
Triggerman.

00:12:16.277 --> 00:12:19.071
Aspergillus
is a sexually transmitted disease

00:12:19.071 --> 00:12:22.992
that can cause virgin itis characterized
by inflammation, itching,

00:12:22.992 --> 00:12:25.995
vaginal discharge,
and occasionally dysarthria.

00:12:28.748 --> 00:12:29.915
The two phases are pear

00:12:29.915 --> 00:12:32.918
shaped with life agila
and an undulating membrane.

00:12:33.461 --> 00:12:37.631
An axis cell runs down the length
of the organism and pursues posteriorly.

00:12:38.591 --> 00:12:41.719
The parasite does not appear
to have a seat trigger.

00:12:41.719 --> 00:12:45.222
Most can be found in vaginal discharge,
prosthetic fluid and urine.

00:12:45.222 --> 00:12:45.765
Sediment.

00:12:49.101 --> 00:12:52.104
There
are some protozoa that require special.

00:12:52.229 --> 00:12:56.108
The first organisms we will discuss
require the modified acid fast stain.

00:12:57.026 --> 00:13:00.029
These are called Cox Indians
and include Cryptosporidium,

00:13:00.196 --> 00:13:03.157
Cyclospora and Cici espera.

00:13:03.657 --> 00:13:05.910
First we'll talk about Cryptosporidium.

00:13:05.910 --> 00:13:08.913
Cryptosporidium causes diarrhea
that are self-limiting,

00:13:09.163 --> 00:13:11.999
typically resolving within 2 to 3 weeks.

00:13:11.999 --> 00:13:16.754
The spore related oasis containing four
spores or whites, are excreted in stool.

00:13:17.421 --> 00:13:19.840
Transmission
of Cryptosporidium species occurs

00:13:19.840 --> 00:13:22.843
mainly through ingestion
of contaminated water.

00:13:23.093 --> 00:13:26.806
Following ingestion, execution occurs
the spores

00:13:26.806 --> 00:13:30.976
or its release in parasitized epithelial
cells of the gastrointestinal tract,

00:13:31.769 --> 00:13:34.480
and these cells,
usually within the brush, border.

00:13:34.480 --> 00:13:37.566
The parasites undergo multiplication
and assists

00:13:37.566 --> 00:13:40.569
develop and spoil
late in the infected host.

00:13:40.778 --> 00:13:43.989
The thick walled oasis are excreted
from the host into the environment.

00:13:44.824 --> 00:13:47.785
O cysts are effective upon excretion,

00:13:47.868 --> 00:13:51.163
thus enabling direct
and immediate fecal oral transmission.

00:13:52.998 --> 00:13:54.375
Cryptosporidium species

00:13:54.375 --> 00:13:57.378
oasis are round and measure 4
to 6 microns.

00:13:57.878 --> 00:14:01.006
Up to four spores
oh can be seen inside the oasis.

00:14:01.841 --> 00:14:04.301
The sustain pink to purple
and the modified

00:14:04.301 --> 00:14:07.304
acid fasting.

00:14:07.847 --> 00:14:11.016
Cyclospora countenances causes diarrhea,

00:14:11.016 --> 00:14:14.019
which can typically last 10 to 12 weeks
if untreated.

00:14:14.562 --> 00:14:17.439
The oasis are not infective
when passing soil,

00:14:17.439 --> 00:14:20.442
so direct fecal oral transmission
cannot occur

00:14:21.068 --> 00:14:23.863
in the environment, speculation occurs.

00:14:23.863 --> 00:14:25.739
The spore related oasis contaminate

00:14:25.739 --> 00:14:28.742
fresh produce and water,
which are then ingested.

00:14:29.493 --> 00:14:34.039
The oasis exists in the gastrointestinal
tract, freeing the spores

00:14:34.623 --> 00:14:37.626
which invade the epithelial cells
of the small intestine.

00:14:39.336 --> 00:14:41.922
Oasis are 8 to 10 microns

00:14:41.922 --> 00:14:46.886
and will order for us under ultraviolet
microscopy and modified acid fast stain.

00:14:47.386 --> 00:14:49.805
The oasis 10% pink to purple,

00:14:49.805 --> 00:14:53.559
although sometimes assists do not pick up
the scene and remain colorless.

00:14:57.104 --> 00:14:59.773
CSI sauce for a belly infects epithelial

00:14:59.773 --> 00:15:02.776
cells of the small intestine
and causes diarrhea.

00:15:02.943 --> 00:15:05.946
When the immature oasis
are excreted in the stool,

00:15:05.946 --> 00:15:09.199
they contain one spore, a loss
as they mature in the environment.

00:15:09.533 --> 00:15:12.536
The spore burrow blast divides in two.

00:15:12.912 --> 00:15:15.372
Infection occurs
by ingestion of the mature

00:15:15.372 --> 00:15:18.375
oasis.

00:15:20.002 --> 00:15:20.836
CSI source

00:15:20.836 --> 00:15:24.006
for belly Oasis measure 1030 microns.

00:15:24.298 --> 00:15:25.424
They are oval.

00:15:25.424 --> 00:15:28.427
Taper at the ends
with a smooth double layer wall.

00:15:29.261 --> 00:15:32.264
The modified acid fast scene
usually sings a spiral blast

00:15:32.264 --> 00:15:35.267
while only showing the outline
of the oasis membrane.

00:15:35.851 --> 00:15:38.854
Oasis were out of for us
under ultraviolet microscopy.

00:15:39.188 --> 00:15:42.191
They can also be seen in wet mount.

00:15:43.108 --> 00:15:43.984
Ryan Blue tri

00:15:43.984 --> 00:15:46.987
chrome is used to detect micro spurted.

00:15:48.656 --> 00:15:50.783
Micro spray our group of unicellular

00:15:50.783 --> 00:15:53.953
intracellular parasites
closely related to fungi.

00:15:54.745 --> 00:15:56.956
There are at least 50 micro
spray and species

00:15:56.956 --> 00:15:59.458
that have been identified
as human pathogens.

00:15:59.458 --> 00:16:03.087
The most common species enter
a site of own bonsai,

00:16:03.462 --> 00:16:06.840
infects the gastrointestinal tract,
and causes diarrhea.

00:16:07.508 --> 00:16:11.387
Maggots are characterized
by the production of resistant spores.

00:16:12.179 --> 00:16:15.182
They possess a unique organelle,
the polar tubule

00:16:15.307 --> 00:16:18.519
or polar filament,
which is coiled inside the spore.

00:16:19.269 --> 00:16:21.855
The infected form, like this, is the spore

00:16:21.855 --> 00:16:24.566
which can persist in the environment
for months.

00:16:24.566 --> 00:16:27.528
Once ingested, the spore germinates

00:16:27.528 --> 00:16:31.240
and inverts is polar tubule,
which contacts the host cell membrane.

00:16:31.865 --> 00:16:36.245
The spore then injects the infective
spore plasm into the host cell

00:16:36.578 --> 00:16:40.749
through the polar tubule,
and goes through a series of maturation.

00:16:41.709 --> 00:16:44.545
Once mature, the spores are released

00:16:44.545 --> 00:16:47.798
from microbes
that infect the gastrointestinal tract.

00:16:48.340 --> 00:16:51.343
The spores can be found in stool.

00:16:53.804 --> 00:16:55.347
Microscopy to vary in size

00:16:55.347 --> 00:16:59.184
from 1 to 4 microns
in same pink with Ryan's blue tri chrome,

00:17:00.102 --> 00:17:02.438
there is often a clearing
in the center of the organism

00:17:02.438 --> 00:17:05.441
that can be seen.

00:17:05.733 --> 00:17:07.943
There is only one species of ciliates

00:17:07.943 --> 00:17:11.113
that is known to infect humans,
and that is bound to the M coli.

00:17:11.655 --> 00:17:14.616
It is usually found in pigs.

00:17:15.367 --> 00:17:16.785
Humans are usually infected

00:17:16.785 --> 00:17:19.747
by ingesting assists
in contaminated food or water.

00:17:20.205 --> 00:17:23.709
Following ingestion, its excitation occurs
in the small intestine

00:17:24.126 --> 00:17:27.129
and the trough resides colonize
a large intestine.

00:17:27.129 --> 00:17:30.132
The trapezoids reside
in the movement of a large intestine.

00:17:30.424 --> 00:17:33.469
An appendix of humans,
where they replicate by binary fission.

00:17:34.386 --> 00:17:38.390
Some trapezoids invade the wall,
the colon, and multiply, causing ulcers.

00:17:38.390 --> 00:17:41.769
In the Cornwall system,
trapezoids are parson's stool.

00:17:44.354 --> 00:17:44.938
The size of

00:17:44.938 --> 00:17:49.902
Valentinian coli are 50 to 70 microns
and have a barbell shaped macro nucleus.

00:17:50.736 --> 00:17:54.615
The trough associates of Ballantine,
Kauai are 50 to 100 microns

00:17:55.240 --> 00:17:57.618
and are covered with short cilia.

00:17:57.618 --> 00:18:01.163
They also have a barbell
shaped macro nucleus, and the cytoplasm

00:18:01.163 --> 00:18:04.875
may contain vacuoles
with debris and bacteria.

00:18:08.378 --> 00:18:11.423
Several of the images and life
cycles are courtesy of the centers

00:18:11.423 --> 00:18:15.844
for Disease Control and its laboratory
diagnostic Assistance website. DPT.

00:18:16.970 --> 00:18:20.682
Other images I have taken while
working on the bench at RTP laboratories.